II5, cas 30.10

EUROPEANS IN THE AMERICAS

 Which countries sent their expeditions to the Americas?

Why did many people move from Europe to the Americas?

Who had inhabited American territories before the arrival of Europeans?

Read the text on page 22, and answer the question on page 23(reading comprehension).

Then, do the Vocabulary exercise one and two.

Grammar
Past simple and Past Perfect

With most verbs, the past tense is formed by adding –ed:

called    liked      wanted                                worked

But there are a lot of irregular past tense forms in English.

We use the past tense to talk about:

1.something that happened once in the past:

I met my wife in 1983.

We went to Spain for our holidays.

2.something that happened several times in the past:

When I was a boy, I walked a mile to school every day.

We swam a lot while we were on holiday.

3.something that was true for some time in the past:

I lived abroad for ten years.

She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

4.we often use expressions with ago with the past simple:

I met my wife a long time ago.

Past simple questions and negatives

We use did to make questions with the past simple:

Did she play tennis when she was younger?

Did you live abroad?

When did you meet your wife?

Where did you go for your holidays?

But questions with who often don't use did:

Who discovered penicillin?

Who wrote Don Quixote?

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect is formed from the auxiliary verb had and the past participle of a verb:

I had finished the work.

She had gone.

1.The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.

Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?

She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

2. With non-continuous verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

Although the above use of past perfect is normally limited to non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words “live,” “work,” “teach,” and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-continuous verbs.

Write all the above in your notebooks, then do the grammar exercises on page 23 and 24.